Qualidade da água utilizada em serviços de hemodiálise antes e após passar por sistema de tratamento em Santarém, Oeste do Pará, Amazônia / Quality of the water used in hemodialysis services before and after going through a treatment system in Santarém, Western Pará, Amazonia

A água utilizada em serviços de hemodiálise passa por um sistema de tratamento a fim de garantir que os parâmetros microbiológicos e físico-químicos estejam adequados e proporcionem segurança ao paciente. Este trabalho avaliou a qualidade da água antes e após esta passar por sistema de tratamento em dois serviços (A e B) de hemodiálise em Santarém. Foram coletadas amostras de água em três pontos: Ponto 1 (P1) após saída do poço, Ponto 2 (P2) na saída do tratamento e Ponto 3 (P3) na máquina de hemodiálise. Testes microbiológicos e físico-químicos foram realizados e os resultados mostraram que não houve crescimento de coliformes totais e Escherichia coli nas amostras. No serviço A, houve contaminação por bactérias heterotróficas em 87% das amostras, destas, 27% ocorreram no P3. O pH mostrou-se menor que 6,0 no P1 nos dois serviços, normalizando os seus valores no P3. No serviço A, concentrações superiores ao recomendado de alumínio e nitrato foram verificadas em 100% das amostras coletadas no P1, os valores foram normalizados na saída do tratamento (P2). A pesquisa demonstrou que, para os parâmetros estudados, a qualidade da água, após passar por sistema de tratamento, é satisfatória, com exceção das bactérias heterotróficas no serviço A. (AU)

The water used in hemodialysis services goes through a treatment system in order to ensure that the microbiological and physicochemical parameters are adequate and provide safety to the patient. This work evaluated the quality of water before and after it went through a treatment system in two hemodialysis services (A and B) in Santarém. Water samples were collected at three points: Point 1 (P1) after leaving the well, Point 2 (P2) leaving the treatment and Point 3 (P3) on the hemodialysis machine. Microbiological and physical-chemical tests were performed and the results showed no growth of total coliforms and Escherichia coli in the samples. In service A, there was contamination by heterotrophic bacteria in 87% of the samples, 27% of which occurred in P3. The pH was less than 6.0 in P1 in both services, normalizing its values in P3. Service A, concentrations higher than the recommended amount of aluminum and nitrate were verified in 100% of the samples collected in P1, the values were normalized at the end of the treatment (P2). The research demonstrated that, for the studied parameters, the water quality, after going through a treatment system, is satisfactory, with the exception of heterotrophic bacteria in service A. (AU)

Avaliação microbiológica de hambúrgueres industrializados congelados comercializados na cidade de Maceió, AL / Microbiological evaluation of frozen commercialized hamburgers commercialized in the city of Maceió, AL

O hambúrguer é um produto industrializado de origem animal, extremamente utilizado pela população principalmente pela sua praticidade no consumo. Esse trabalho teve como objetivo realizar a análise microbiológica de hambúrgueres congelados comercializados em Maceió-AL. Foram selecionadas nove marcas comerciais de hambúrgueres dos tipos: bovino, frango e misto (bovino e frango), foram pesquisados os seguintes micro-organismos: bactérias do grupo coliformes, Estafilococos coagulase positiva e Salmonella sp. As amostras das marcas comerciais B (misto), E (frango), F (misto), H (bovino) apresentaram contaminação por coliformes a 35 ºC e 45 ºC, porém dentro dos padrões da legislação brasileira. Para inibir o crescimento de micro-organismos nos alimentos cárneos é necessário manter a temperatura de armazenamento e distribuição a -18 °C, além da conservação destes em equipamentos adequadamente higienizados, de forma a garantir a qualidade sanitária do produto. De acordo com os resultados encontrados, todos os hambúrgueres congelados industrializados avaliados estavam aptos para consumo.

The burger is a product of animal origin used by the population, highly industrialized mainly for your convenience in consumption. This work aimed to carry out microbiological analysis of frozen hamburgers marketed in enniskillen has been selected nine trademarks of burgers: beef, chicken and mixed (beef and chicken), were searched the following microorganisms: bacteria of the coliform group, coagulase positive and salmonella sp. In trademarks b (mixed), and(chicken), f (mixed), h (veal) samples obtained coliform contamination to 35° c and 45° c, but within the brazilian legislation standards. To inhibit the growth of microorganisms in meat food is necessary to maintain the temperature of storage and distribution, in-18° c, in addition to the conservation of these properly sanitized equipment, to ensure the sanitary quality of the product. According to the results all the frozen processed burgers were able for consumption.

Relación entre factores de virulencia, resistencia a antibióticos y los grupos filogenéticos de Escherichia coli uropatógena en dos localidades de México / Relationship between virulence factors, resistance to antibiotics and phylogenetic groups of uropathogenic Escherichia coli in two locations in Mexico

Introducción: Escherichia coli es el principal agente causal de infecciones del tracto urinario (ITU), y sus factores de virulencia son los responsables de la gravedad de estas infecciones emergentes. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la relación entre los determinantes de virulencia y susceptibilidad a antibióticos con los grupos filogenéticos de E.coli aisladas de ITU en 2 localidades de México. Métodos: Se analizaron 50 aislamientos de E.coli de una localidad en el centro del país y 57 provenientes de una localidad al suroeste. Los aislamientos fueron caracterizados fenotípica (serotipificación, ensayos de adherencia, formación de biopelícula, producción de hemolisina y susceptibilidad antibióticos) y genotípicamente (grupos filogenéticos y genes de virulencia). Resultados: Los grupos filogenéticos B2 (60%) y F (12%) fueron significativamente predominantes en la localidad del centro con mayor frecuencia de los genes fimH (96%), iutA (66%) y sat (36%) en comparación con la localidad en el suroeste, donde los grupos A (35%) y B1 (21%) fueron más frecuentes y presentaron menor cantidad de genes de virulencia. El 21,5% del total de aislamientos pertenecieron al grupo O25-ST131. La producción de hemolisina y biopelícula fue significativamente mayor en cepas de la localidad del sureste. La resistencia a ampicilina (92,5%), tetraciclina (76,6%) y trimetoprim/sulfametoxazol (70,1%) fueron las más comunes en ambos grupos. Conclusión: El grupo filogenético, los factores de virulencia y la susceptibilidad a antibióticas de E.colicausante de ITU en la comunidad varían significativamente entre las poblaciones mexicanas estudiadas. Los grupos filogenéticos A y B1 pueden ser multirresistentes y tienen la capacidad de producir infecciones urinarias (AU)

Introduction: Escherichia coli is the major causative agent of urinary tract infections (UTI), and virulence factors are responsible for the severity of these emerging infections. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between virulence determinants and antibiotic susceptibility with phylogenetic groups of E.coli isolates of UTI in two locations in Mexico. Methods: An analysis was performed on 50 isolates of E.coli from the centre of the country and 57 from a town in the southwest. The isolates were characterized by phenotype (serotyping assays, in vitro adhesion, biofilm formation, production of haemolysin, and antibiotic susceptibility) and genotype (phylogenetic groups and virulence genes). Results: In the centre of the country location the phylogenetic group B2 (60%) and F (12%) were significantly more prevalent and had a higher frequency of genes, fimH (96%), iutA (66%), sat(36%), compared to the southwest location, where the group A (35%) and B1 (21%) were significantly predominant and had fewer virulence genes. About one-fifth (21.5%) of all isolates belonged to the O25-ST131 group. Haemolysin and biofilm producing strains were significantly higher in the southwest location. Resistance to ampicillin (92.5%), tetracycline (76.6%), and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (70.1%) were the most common in both groups. Conclusion: The phylogenetic group, virulence factors, and antibiotic susceptibility of the E.coli that causes UTI in the community, varies significantly among the Mexican populations studied. Phylogenetic groups A and B1 may be multidrug resistant and have the ability to produce UTI (AU)

Characterization of Escherichia coli clinical isolates causing urinary tract infections in the community of Chilpancingo, Mexico

Escherichia coli is the main cause of urinary tract infections (UTI) in ambulatory patients, especially strains belonging to the B2 phylogenetic group and ST131 clonal group. Antibiotic treatment is usually administered empirically; however, it is not always effective due to bacterial multidrug resistance and the production of extended spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs). The aim of this study was to characterize E. coli clinical isolates from patients with UTI in a community of the State of Guerrero, Mexico. From January to August 2014, 134 clinical isolates of E. coli were recovered. Strain identification and antibiotic susceptibility were performed using the Vitek automated system. Phylogenetic and O25b-ST13 groups were determined by multiple PCR. Identification of the blaCTX-M, blaTEM, and blaSHV genes was performed by conventional PCR. We found that over 50% of the isolates were resistant to betalactams and quinolones, while 0 to 33% were resistant to aminoglycosides and nitrofurans, and 56.49% of the strains were ESBL producers. B2 phylogenetic group was the most predominant (43%) compared to the other groups. The prevalence of bla genes was: blaCTX-M 64.3%, blaSHV 41.4%, and blaTEM 54.3%. These results show a high percentage (55%) of multidrug-resistant strains isolated from UTI patients from the community in the city of Chilpancingo, Guerrero, Mexico (AU)

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Avaliação do sistema Petrifilm™ HS na contagem de coliformes em leite pasteurizado / Evaluation of the Petrifilm™ HS system for counting coliforms in pasteurized milk

Os métodos microbiológicos alternativos apresentam vantagens sobre os ensaios convencionais, no entanto é preciso confirmar sua eficácia. O presente trabalho avaliou o sistema Petrifilm™ HS com o sistema Petrifilm™ EC, em comparação com a metodologia convencional na contagem de coliformes a 35 ºC em leite pasteurizado. Altas correlações foram encontradas entre as metodologias utilizadas para efetuar a contagem de coliformes a 35 ºC. O sistema Petrifilm™ HS para contagem de coliformes a 35 ºCem leite pasteurizado mostrou resultados satisfatórios...